{"id":4354,"date":"2024-12-12T14:46:01","date_gmt":"2024-12-12T12:46:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vb.vpba.edu.ua\/?p=4354"},"modified":"2025-02-13T11:24:33","modified_gmt":"2025-02-13T09:24:33","slug":"the-epistle-of-constantine-to-sappor-the-second-and-the-persecution-of-christians-in-the-persian-empire-in-the-4th-century","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vb.vpba.edu.ua\/uk\/the-epistle-of-constantine-to-sappor-the-second-and-the-persecution-of-christians-in-the-persian-empire-in-the-4th-century\/","title":{"rendered":"\u1f29 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a3\u03b1\u03c0\u1f7c\u03c1 \u0392\u2019 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u0391\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd 4\u03bf \u03b1\u1f30\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\u0415\u043b\u0456\u0430\u0441 \u0415. \u041a\u0440\u0456\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0441<\/summary>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0410\u0444\u0456\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432'\u044f (\u0410\u0444\u0456\u043d\u0438, \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0456\u044f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ilikrip@gmail.com<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u041d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 DOI: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.33209\/2519-4348-2707-9627-2021-9-100<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VB. \u2013 \u2116 9, 2021. \u2013 \u0421. 153-167<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0410\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

An undeniable historical fact is that the governance of Shapur II didn\u2019t spare to show a certain sympathy towards the Christian community that existed in Persian Empire around the early 4th century. Christians were the victims of perpetual persecutions carried out by pagan Roman Emperors. Thus Persia appeared as a haven of refuge. But when Constantine assumed the reins of government in Roman Empire, Christian faith took a quite obvious advantage over paganism. So Shapur became suspicious of his Christian subjects. The occasion for such a suspicion was, in any case, reinforced through prophecies by prominent Christians like the wise Aphrahat, who forecasted an obliteration of Persia as a result of a triumphal Roman victory. Moreover, Constantine sent a letter to his adolescent peer in order to express his concerns about the Christians who lived under Shapur\u2019s reign. Some researchers though, detected in that letter a covert threat, on Constantine\u2019s behalf, that reflected an ulterior intention for an invasion to the Persian Empire. Having, on the one hand, the article of 1985 by Timothy D. Barnes, Constantine and the Christians of Persia, and on the other hand, the article of 2001 by David Frendo, Constantine\u2019s Letter to Shapur II, Its Authenticity, Occasion and Attendant Circumstances, as indicators, this paper disserts how defensible is the theory of Constantine planning to ivade Persia. Actually it is about a theory that has its roots in the mid-19th century and was revitalized in 1930s. Supporters of this theory were historians like O. Seeck, G. Ostrogorsky and F. D\u00f6lger, among others. According to that, the new Christian Roman Empire in Constantinople inherited the claims of the old pagan Roman Empire for a universal dominance. Using Constantine\u2019s letter to Shapur as a \u201clitmus test\u201d, this paper examins how sound this theory can be. Ultimately it seems that Shapur took not so much under serious consideration Constantine\u2019s exhortation for taking care of his Christian subjects, and so he effected a wide persecution against them which begun in 339-340 and peaked in 344-345. The paper concludes with a referation to the disputed question on the authenticity of Constantine\u2019s epistle to Shapur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: <\/strong>Constantine the Great, Roman Empire, Shapur II, Sasanian Empire, Ctesiphon, Roman-Persian Peace Treaty, Aphrahat, Eusebius of Caesarea, Al-Tabari, persecutions, prophecies, Timothy Barnes, David Frendo, Otto Seeck<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u041b\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u1f72\u03c2: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt, XVII, 5, 5\/6, London: William Heinemann LTD. \u2013 Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Universiy Press (1935).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1f19\u03c1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f18\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae  \u1f39\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1<\/em>, \u03c4. \u0392\u2019, PG 67, 956BC (1864).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0395\u1f50\u03c3\u03ad\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u0395\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u0392\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2<\/em>, \u039b\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u2019, \u00a7 9, \u0395\u03a0\u0395, \u03c4. 4, \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7 (1982).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0392\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barnes T. D., Constantine and the Christians of Persia, The Journal of Roman Studies<\/em>, Vol. 75 (1985), \u03c3. 126-136.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Batiffol P., Les documents de la Vita Constantini, Bulletin d\u2019 ancienne literature et d\u2019 archeology chr\u00e9tiennes<\/em> 4 (1914).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brock S. P., Christians in the Sasanian Empire: A case of divided loyalties, Studies in Church History <\/em>18, (1982), \u03c3. 1-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chrysos E., Some Aspects of Roman-Persian Legal Relations, \u039a\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1<\/em> 8<\/em> (1976), \u03c3. 1-60.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daryaee T., Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire<\/em>, I.B. Tauris 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fowden G., The Last Days of Constantine: Oppositional Versions and Their Influence, The Journal of Roman Studies<\/em>, Vol. 84 (1994), \u03c3. 146-170.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frendo D., Constantine\u2019s Letter to Shapur II, Its Authenticity, Occasion and Attendant Circumstances, Bulletin of the Asia Institute<\/em>, New Series, Vol. 15 (2001), \u03c3. 57-69.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Griffith S. H., The Doctrina Addai as a Paradigm of Christian thought in Edessa in the fifth century, Hugoye <\/em>6 (2003), \u03c3. 269-292.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harrak A., The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle<\/em>, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lizorkin E., Aphrahat\u2019s demonstrations. A conversation with the Jews of Mesopotamia, <\/em>CSCO 642, Sub. 129, Louvain: Peeters 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Millar  F.G.B., \u201cEmperors, Frontiers and Foreign Relations, 31 BC to AD 378\u201d, Britannica<\/em> 13 (1982).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u039c\u03cc\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394., \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f39\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6<\/em>, \u03c4. \u0391\u2019, \u1f09\u03c1\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f6ldeke Th., Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden. Aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari<\/em>, Leyden 1879.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03a6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1fb6\u03c2 \u0392., \u1f18\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74<\/em> <\/em>\u1f39\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1<\/em>, \u03c4. \u0391\u2019, \u1f08\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pierre M. J. (\u00e9d.), Les Expos\u00e9s: Aphraate le Sage Persan<\/em>, vol. II, SC 349, 359, Paris: Cerf 1988, 1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rist J., Die Verfolgung der Christen im sp\u00e4tantiken Sassanidenreich: Ursachen, Verlauf und Folgen, Oriens Christianus<\/em> 30 (1996), \u03c3. 17-42.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ross S. K., Roman Edessa<\/em>, Routledge 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seeck O. & Hartmann L. M., \u00abAnonymus Valesianus\u00bb, Paulys Realencyclop\u00e4die der classischen Altertumswissenschaft<\/em>, \u03c4. \u0399, 2, \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b7 1894, \u03c3\u03c4. 2333-2334.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seeck O., \u00abSapor II\u00bb, Paulys Realencyclop\u00e4die der classischen Altertumswissenschaft<\/em>, \u03c4. \u0399\u0391\/2, \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b7 1920, \u03c3\u03c4. 2334-2354.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shahbazi  Shapur A., \u00abHORMOZD (2)\u00bb Encyclop\u00e6dia Iranica<\/em>, \u03c4. \u03a7\u0399\u0399 (2004), \u03c3. 461-462.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u039a., \u039f\u1f31<\/em> <\/em>\u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f72\u03c2<\/em> <\/em>\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/em> <\/em>\u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/em> <\/em>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76<\/em> <\/em>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/em> <\/em>\u1f15\u03c9\u03c2<\/em> <\/em>\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd<\/em> <\/em>\u03a3\u03a4<\/em>\u2019 <\/em>\u03b1\u1f30\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1<\/em>, \u1f39\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f72\u03c2 \u1f18\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6. \u0394. \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f08\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1f39\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2<\/strong>:   <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daryaee T., Encyclop\u00e6dia Iranica<\/em>, \u0160\u0100PUR II<\/em>,<\/em> <\/em>http:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/shapur-ii<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
View\/download PDF<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Number DOI: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.33209\/2519-4348-2707-9627-2021-9-100 VB. – \u2116 9, 2021. – P. 153-167 Summary An undeniable historical fact is that the governance of Shapur II didn\u2019t spare to show a certain sympathy towards the Christian community that existed in Persian Empire around the early 4th century. Christians were the victims of perpetual persecutions carried out by pagan Roman Emperors. Thus Persia appeared as a haven of refuge. But when Constantine assumed the reins of government in Roman Empire, Christian faith took a quite obvious advantage over paganism. So Shapur became suspicious of his Christian subjects. The occasion for such a suspicion was, in any case, reinforced through prophecies by prominent Christians like the wise Aphrahat, who forecasted an obliteration of Persia as a result of a triumphal Roman victory. Moreover, Constantine sent a letter to his adolescent peer in order to express his concerns about the Christians who lived under Shapur\u2019s reign. Some researchers though, detected in that letter a covert threat, on Constantine\u2019s behalf, that reflected an ulterior intention for an invasion to the Persian Empire. Having, on the one hand, the article of 1985 by Timothy D. Barnes, Constantine and the Christians of Persia, and on the other hand, the article of 2001 by David Frendo, Constantine\u2019s Letter to Shapur II, Its Authenticity, Occasion and Attendant Circumstances, as indicators, this paper disserts how defensible is the theory of Constantine planning to ivade Persia. Actually it is about a theory that has its roots in the mid-19th century and was revitalized in 1930s. Supporters of this theory were historians like O. Seeck, G. Ostrogorsky and F. D\u00f6lger, among others. According to that, the new Christian Roman Empire in Constantinople inherited the claims of the old pagan Roman Empire for a universal dominance. Using Constantine\u2019s letter to Shapur as a \u201clitmus test\u201d, this paper examins how sound this theory can be. Ultimately it seems that Shapur took not so much under serious consideration Constantine\u2019s exhortation for taking care of his Christian subjects, and so he effected a wide persecution against them which begun in 339-340 and peaked in 344-345. The paper concludes with a referation to the disputed question on the authenticity of Constantine\u2019s epistle to Shapur. Key words: Constantine the Great, Roman Empire, Shapur II, Sasanian Empire, Ctesiphon, Roman-Persian Peace Treaty, Aphrahat, Eusebius of Caesarea, Al-Tabari, persecutions, prophecies, Timothy Barnes, David Frendo, Otto Seeck References: \u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u1f72\u03c2:  Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt, XVII, 5, 5\/6, London: William Heinemann LTD. \u2013 Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Universiy Press (1935). \u1f19\u03c1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f18\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae  \u1f39\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4. \u0392\u2019, PG 67, 956BC (1864). \u0395\u1f50\u03c3\u03ad\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u0395\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u0392\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2, \u039b\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u2019, \u00a7 9, \u0395\u03a0\u0395, \u03c4. 4, \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7 (1982). \u0392\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1: Barnes T. D., Constantine and the Christians of Persia, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 75 (1985), \u03c3. 126-136. Batiffol P., Les documents de la Vita Constantini, Bulletin d\u2019 ancienne literature et d\u2019 archeology chr\u00e9tiennes 4 (1914). Brock S. P., Christians in the Sasanian Empire: A case of divided loyalties, Studies in Church History 18, (1982), \u03c3. 1-19. Chrysos E., Some Aspects of Roman-Persian Legal Relations, \u039a\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 8 (1976), \u03c3. 1-60. Daryaee T., Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire, I.B. Tauris 2009. Fowden G., The Last Days of Constantine: Oppositional Versions and Their Influence, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 84 (1994), \u03c3. 146-170. Frendo D., Constantine\u2019s Letter to Shapur II, Its Authenticity, Occasion and Attendant Circumstances, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, New Series, Vol. 15 (2001), \u03c3. 57-69. Griffith S. H., The Doctrina Addai as a Paradigm of Christian thought in Edessa in the fifth century, Hugoye 6 (2003), \u03c3. 269-292. Harrak A., The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2005. Lizorkin E., Aphrahat\u2019s demonstrations. A conversation with the Jews of Mesopotamia, CSCO 642, Sub. 129, Louvain: Peeters 2012. Millar  F.G.B., \u201cEmperors, Frontiers and Foreign Relations, 31 BC to AD 378\u201d, Britannica 13 (1982). \u039c\u03cc\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394., \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f39\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6, \u03c4. \u0391\u2019, \u1f09\u03c1\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 2014. N\u00f6ldeke Th., Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden. Aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari, Leyden 1879. \u03a6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1fb6\u03c2 \u0392., \u1f18\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f39\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4. \u0391\u2019, \u1f08\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 1997. Pierre M. J. (\u00e9d.), Les Expos\u00e9s: Aphraate le Sage Persan, vol. II, SC 349, 359, Paris: Cerf 1988, 1989. Rist J., Die Verfolgung der Christen im sp\u00e4tantiken Sassanidenreich: Ursachen, Verlauf und Folgen, Oriens Christianus 30 (1996), \u03c3. 17-42. Ross S. K., Roman Edessa, Routledge 2001. Seeck O. & Hartmann L. M., \u00abAnonymus Valesianus\u00bb, Paulys Realencyclop\u00e4die der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, \u03c4. \u0399, 2, \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b7 1894, \u03c3\u03c4. 2333-2334. Seeck O., \u00abSapor II\u00bb, Paulys Realencyclop\u00e4die der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, \u03c4. \u0399\u0391\/2, \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b7 1920, \u03c3\u03c4. 2334-2354. 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